Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Motherhood in The Bean Trees Essay

   Another prominent example of motherhood is Lou Ann’s relationship with Dwayne Ray. Although the baby has not developed a personality yet, and cannot respond with his mother, we cannot tell how Dwayne Ray’s part of the relationship is, but we can predict how it will be. It can be assumed that he will always be cared for by his mother, Lou Ann, for her worrisome ways and fear of her sons death keep her a vigilant mother, unrelenting in keeping him as safe and healthy as possible. When she asked Taylor of her opinion of her motherhood skills, Taylor replied that â€Å"‘The flip side of worrying to much is just not caring†¦ Dwayne Ray will always know that, no matter what, you’re never going to neglect him. You’ll never just sit around and let him dehydrate, or grow up without a personality, or anything like that. And that would be ever so much worse. You read about it happening in the paper all the time†¦ Somebody forgetting a baby in a car and letting It roast, or some such thing. If anything, Lou Ann, you’re just too good of a mother. ‘† (pg. 156) of which she speaks total truth that Lou Ann, although worrisome and lacking in backbone, still is a good mother, because she tries with all her efforts to make sure Dwayne Ray grows up. She is of the most passionate of mothers in the book, and will do her utmost to see to it that Dwayne Ray will live past 2000, despite whatever her dreams and nightmares may tell her. Taylor, the main mother of the book, is the only non-biological mother represented, which makes her relationship with Turtle all the more special, meaning that she took her despite their lack of family ties, and fought to keep her, although she could have easily relinquished her duties as mother. Throughout the book, she plays a role she’s avoided all her life, in order to protect and care for this little girl that was given to her care against her own wishes. She has absolutely no clue what to do, and constantly worries that she isn’t raising Turtle properly. Her worries are lessened, however, after Turtle beings speaking, her first noise being laughter because if Turtle was unhappy, she would have not laughed when she did a somersault. Taylor becomes more confidant in her role, and eventually accepts it to be perfectly normal, as does everyone else, and no one even considers Turtle not to be Taylor’s child, proven when many biological references are made between the two, despite their lack of blood ties. After Turtle is attacked in the park, Taylor begins to think that she isn’t doing a good job as a segregate mother, and when Turtle is threatened to be taken away from Taylor, she feels that the case to save Turtle is helpless and begins to think that the state department would do better than she would in raising the child. However, Mattie convinces her otherwise when she tells Taylor that she isn’t asking the correct questions, that â€Å"You’re asking yourself, Can I give this child the best possible upbringing and keep her out of harms way her whole life long? The answer is no, you can’t. But nobody else can either. Not a state home, that’s for sure. For heaven’s sake, the best they can do is turn their heads while the kids learn to pick locks and snort hootch, and then try to keep them out of jail. Nobody can protect a child from the world†¦ Do I think it would be interesting, maybe even enjoyable in the long run, to share my life with this kid and give her my best effort and maybe when all’s said and done, end up with a good friend. ‘† (pg. 178). What Mattie says here when comforting Taylor is a Barbara Kingsolver definition of motherhood. Taylor worries that she is unable to care for a child, and that with this attack, even the state would do a better job than she could, but, as Mattie said, no one can protect a child from the world, and especially someone that doesn’t care for them, like the state. They need a mother, a guardian, anyone that cares about them to raise as good a child as chance permits. Through the caring and affection Taylor received as a child, the worry and extreme concern Lou Ann pays Dwayne Ray, and Taylor’s behavior towards a child that is not her own, all show examples of how, biological or not, a mother or a mother-like role in a child’s life can lead them to riches or ruin. Their moral fiber, their behavior, their ethics all depend upon what they are taught and raised upon. Newt Hardbine and Jolene Shanks never had these morals and ethics instilled in them, thus leading them to terrible, even short lived, lives. Barbara Kingsolver uses these examples, even through minor characters such as Sandi at the Burger Derby and Bobby Bingo who sells vegetables out of his truck. All examples seen in The Bean Trees show that Motherhood and the role of a mother plays a predominant part not only in the book, but universally.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Marketing Mix Strategies for Maggi Essay

1.0 Introduction In year 1872, the factory job was created for women during the industrial revolution in Switzerland. Therefore, women were busy and have not enough time to prepare meals for their family. Julius Maggi, who took over his father’s mill, was requested to create a vegetable food product that would be quick to prepare and easy to digest. Maggi noodle was the first that contain protein rich legume meal to the market and followed by readymade soup based on legume meal in 1886. Maggi had merged with Nestle family in 1947 and launched in 1980 by Nestle group of companies. The nature of Maggi is Food Company. The products involve soups, sauces and instant noodles. The mission of Maggi is to become an inspiring growth partner that delivers creative, branded food and beverage solutions enabling operators to innovate, and delight consumers. Vision of Maggi is Nestle Norden’s aim, is to meet the various need of the consumer every day by marketing and selling food of a consistently hi gh quality. Three objectives of Maggi are good to know, which means factual information on nutrition content, good to remember, means that the tips for healthy lifestyle, cooking and diet, and good to talk, means consumer call to their consumer services teams or log on their website. The target customers of Maggi noodles are kids, youth and working women, but the biggest consumer is children. 2.0 The Marketing Mix Strategies 2.1 Product Strategy 2.1.1 Product Classification Maggi noodles is a consumer product that bought by final consumer for personal consumption. Nestle had positioned Maggi as a convenience food product. Consumers bought Maggi noodles frequently with lower price. There are many purchase locations for consumers to buy Maggi. For example is 7-eleven. 2.1.2 Product and Service Decisions Product Attribute Maggi noodles recognized the need of consumers with provide quality food and convenient at once. It is a â€Å"fast relief from hunger† product. Maggi noodles have settled at standard flavours such as curry, masala, tomato and chicken  and not much experimentation is required in the noodles market. Maggi noodles have launched many products like Maggi Vegetable Atta Noodles, Maggi Vegetable Multigrain Noodles. It added Maggi Dal Atta Noodles in its product portfolio targeting health conscious people. This was followed with the Rice Noodles. Maggi 2 Minute Noodles already associated with convenience and taste and is currently accepted as a valid filling snack between meals. Branding Maggi noodles are a brand of instant noodles manufactured by Nestle. The advantages of having branding to buyers are easier for them to identify. For sellers, branding provides legal protection for its company and help to segment market. After realizing its target group was young children and their mother, Maggi come up with tagline: â€Å"Mummy bhook lagi hai†, â€Å"Bus 2 minute†, â€Å"Fast to cook, good to eat† and â€Å"Health bhi taste bhi†. The brand of Maggi noodles is positioned as a health and convenience product. Packaging Nestle has developed a good package for Maggi noodles. They increase the thickness of the plastic sheets used in Maggi noodles packets to make the product more strength and allow easy and safe to open. To allow the packets to be stored easily, they provide a Zip-Seal facility along with the existing sealing. Labeling The labeling of Maggi noodles helps Maggi to promote the product through attractive graphics. The information labeled of Maggi noodles include logo, weight of each packages, ingredients of the product, expired date, cooking instructions, consumer services line, information of the manufacturer (address, telephone or fax number and others) and nutrition information of the product. Product Support Service Maggi introduced â€Å"money saver multi packs† in the form of 2-in-1 pack and 4-in-1 pack. There contain the service which let the consumers tried their products in order to get feedback of consumers of the products. They also give gifts to consumers who return on empty packets. 2.1.3 Major Brand Strategy Decision Brand Positioning Nestle tried to position Maggi noodles in the platform of convenience targeting the working women but the sales of Maggi was not picking up even though it had doing a lot of media advertising. After conducted a research, they realizes that children were the largest consumers of the product as children like the taste of Maggi noodles. So, they change their target from working women to children and their mother. They positioned the noodles as a ‘convenience product’ for children’s mother and a ‘fun product’ for children. Brand Name selection Nestle introduced the Maggi brand in India in 1982, with its launch of Maggi 2 Minute Noodles, an instant noodles product. In several countries, it also knows as â€Å"maggi mee†. The original company comes into existence in 1872 in Switzerland, when Julius Maggi took over his father’s mill. Maggi was the first to bring protein-rich legume meal to the market and followed by readymade soup based on legume meal in 1886. In 1863, Julius Maggi developed a formula to add taste to meal. Maggi had merged with Nestle family in 1947. Brand Sponsorship Maggi is under manufacturer’s brands that also called national brands which brand name owned by a manufacturer or other producer. Maggi brand name owned by a manufacturer, that is Nestle Company. Brand Development Nestle using the strategy of brand extension for attracting customers. They use the successful brand name to launch a new or modified product in a new category. Maggi has launched various products such as noodles, sauces, maggi pichko, soups healthy, maggi soup sanjivini, maggi bhuna masala and maggi magic cubes. Maggi extended their brands for attracting the families which are more health conscious. Nestle using brand extension to overcome the problem of declining the sale. 2.2 Pricing Strategy 2.2.1 Pricing Objectives Pricing strategy for the existing variants of Maggi noodles based on the  objective of â€Å"Maximizing Market Share†. These variants are competitively priced. As it is highly price sensitive, any price change initiates an instant price check reaction from the competitor. The effect of the downward revision in price can be offset by the increase in sales volume. Nestle tried to survive if they are plagued with intense competition. They tried to covers variable costs and some fixed costs in order to remain in the industry. Nestle believe that a higher sales volume will lead to lower unit’s costs and higher long run profit. For product quality, Maggi brand strive to be affordable luxuries products by high levels of perceived quality, tests and status with a price. The launch of Cup-O-Maggi is based on the objective of achieving â€Å"Product Quality Leadership†. Its segment is less-price sensitive so it will be premium priced to target the higher end customers. C reation of a premium brand gives the company an opportunity to provide a differential pricing and service offering to the customer thereby creating a key differentiator. 2.2.2 New Product Pricing Strategies Maggi is using market penetration in marketing Maggi noodles. Nestle introduce Maggi noodles to the market with low price in order to increase consumer incentives in the competitive market. For example, Nestle tend to charge almost the same price for the different flavor of Maggi 2 minute noodles when initially introduced it. Nestle hope to gain high sales volume which in turn would lower the costs. This strategy also makes the customers loyalty and attracts more new customers to Maggi noodles product as a result of low price. Maggi has successfully implied market penetration in the market as they have 80% market share in noodles market nowadays. 2.2.3 Product Mix Pricing Strategies Maggi set price steps between various items in a product line since there are a wide price differences among maggi stocks, soups, 2 minute noodles and ketchup. The mix and types of flavor of Maggi noodles sold will affect the average selling price of their products and have a substantial impact on their revenue and gross margin. For instance, Maggi 2 minute noodles and Cup-O-Maggi have differences of their selling prices. In addition, Maggi uses product bundle pricing when they are merge several products in the same  package such as five packages of Maggi noodles are packing together sell at once to the customer. 2.2.4 Price Adjustment Strategies Maggi adjusted price by using promotional pricing techniques. For example, Maggi offer Buy One Get One Free when the mega sales season. Furthermore, Nestle also imply segmented pricing. For the different location, the prices set of Maggi noodles is different. Maggi also set the price a bit different for their new flavor of Maggi noodles introduced. Psychological pricing also apply by Maggi noodles. Most of the price set by the retailer is â€Å"odd prices†. For example in Tesco, the price of a package Maggi noodles is RM3.89. It purposes to attract more customers to buy for it. 2.3 Distribution Strategy Maggi has a well established distribution network. Maggi has its own factory which means that it manufacture its own product in its factory. Maggi noodles will directly ship to Carry and Forward agencies (CFAs) that located in each state when the product is completely manufactured. Carry and Forward agencies means an organization that provides the facilities such as warehousing. Warehousing carried the meaning of holds goods for moderate to long periods in an attempt to balance supply and demand for producers and purchasers. After that, distributors will deal with wholesaler. Wholesaler is the one who takes title to the goods handles and then distributes these goods to retailers or business users, and sometime end consumers also. Maggi distributors will distribute the goods to wholesaler such as hypermarket, for example Tesco Extra. Maggi noodles will be shipped from Maggi warehouse to the wholesaler as per the order taken by the distributor sales men. Wholesaler will then distributes Maggi noodles to retailers or even direct to end consumers. A retailer owned and operated by someone other than the manufacturer of the products it sells. For example, Tesco Extra distributes Maggi noodles to the retailers such as supermarket and convenience stores. The examples for supermarket are Tesco, Giant and Carrefour, while the examples for convenience store are 7-eleven or mini market. An end consumer is the individual or business who uses products and services. End consumers will buy Maggi noodles from supermarket or convenience stores. 2.4 Promotional Strategy 2.4.1 Sales Promotion Sales promotion was used by Maggi noodles to attract customers and maintain the sales in off season. Dry sampling and wet sampling are some strategies we can often see in the super market. The promoters always distribute the Maggi noodles packet (dry sampling) and cooked Maggi (wet sampling) to the consumer. From Nestle webpage, the consumer can get the items that have promotion in the specified month. For example, customer can save RM0.30 for every purchase of Maggi 2 Minute Noodles Asam Laksa from 1st August 2011 to 31st August 2011. Besides that, a lot of contests were hold by Maggi noodles such as Win a Family Holiday with MAGGI 2 MINUTE NOODLES. The winner of this contest will have the chance travel to the Gold Coast. Moreover, Maggi noodles promote their product through a different way, which is attracting the children who is under 14 years old to become a member of Maggi Club. They distributed the club membership card to children and list of gifts has been provided in the fun programs. Some games and gifts (known as premium) are offered by Maggi Club such as Snap Safari Game, Disney Today Comic and Mask set. Children must send 5 wrappers as purchase proof in order to acquire these benefits. This has successfully attracted mothers who were being persuaded from their children to consume Maggi noodles because they would like to collect the gift. 2.4.2 Advertising For Maggi noodles, the advertisement can be widely spread to their potential buyers by the cheapest way. Hum Log, which is the first Soap Opera in Indian Television, was advertised the Maggi 2-Minute Noodle. This advertisement has an effective tag line which is â€Å"Bas do Minute† (only two minutes). This tag line was easy to remember and reinforce to the people who do not want to spend their time in kitchen. Maggi noodle has advertised their product based on different segment. For example, the new Dal-Atta noodles advertisement demonstrate a grandfather and father eating the noodles. Because of Dal-Atta noodles, which contain the Calcium and Protein components, they become a healthy family. For the product of â€Å"Mania†, the advertisement show the mom as a relax housewife. Besides that, Maggi noodles also advertise through  magazine and their respective webpage. In year 2003, Maggi introduced their product in various magazines to celebrate 20 years in India. Furth ermore, this brand has advertised their new atta noodles and rice noodles variants in some weekly magazines. For the Maggi webpage, they not only show the new product but also teach people how to use Maggi noodles to cook in various ways. 2.4.3 Public Relations Public relations also done by Maggi noodles through organize some innovative campaign. For illustration, the campaigns of â€Å"Remembering your good ol’ days with Maggi† and â€Å"MAIN AUR MERI MAGGI† campaign were hold by Maggi noodles to celebrate Maggi was completed in 25 years. Besides that, the campaign of â€Å"Me and Meri Maggi† was launched to celebrate the emotional relationship between Maggi and consumer. This campaign was given consumer an opportunity to speak out their unique experiences with Maggi and an overwhelming response has given by consumer. Apart of that, Maggi noodles also sponsor some primary school in India to organize the contest for student. The â€Å"Maggi Quiz Competition† which held at G.D Goenka Public School in year 2011 show cases the talents of student’s up to date knowledge in all fields. Moreover, Maggi is one of the sponsors of MasterChef. This show is a popular cooking reality programme which organized by Astro. 3.0 Market Opportunities In Malaysia, there has an increased affinity of Indians towards Chinese cuisine. It creates new market opportunity for Maggi to improve its taste further and capture larger market share. The creative nature of Malaysian food proprietors in Malaysia had made Maggi noodles evolved and now comes in several culinary forms. Among the most popular would be the Maggi Goreng (fried Maggi noodles) which adorns the table of mamak stalls across the country. The upward trend of convenience food consumption has also increase the potential consumer base of Maggi noodles. For example, the single working professionals and student population. The localization of Maggi noodles in Malaysia can boost its sales and earn more consumers purchases. Next, the market opportunity for Maggi noodle is their unexploited rural markets as so far they mainly targeted cities and developed areas. Maggi has  earned certain level of government appraisal and recognition for their product offering and operation. Besides, the government is currently encouraging the civil society and the private sector to help transform rural areas into a computer literate society. Thus, it is easier for Maggi to advertise and marketing their product into rural market. Maggi also being the market leader employs some of the most sophisticated technologies in their production unit to ensure they constantly meet up with the demand from customers. As technology is getting advanced, there has been introduction of new machineries helps Maggi come out with new product, product improvement and new marketing techniques which can fit to rural market. 4.0 Recommendations It is often to see Maggi noodles become one of the cuisines at the Indian restaurants. But, it is rare to see Maggi noodles used by Chinese restaurants. Therefore, we suggest that Maggi can do some research by adding some characteristic of Chinese cuisine inside the new product. Two characteristics of Chinese cuisine are the product must be distinctive color and aromatic flavor. Chinese food preparation has focus on the appearance. They believe that a pleased and harmonious color can increase in appetite. Another important element in Chinese food is aromatic flavor. Some aroma ingredient such as aniseed and cinnamon will cover the ingredient’s particular smells. Meanwhile, shallot, ginger, cooking wine and sesame oil are added to make the food fragrant in flavor. All of these aroma ingredients have their own function that will benefit our health. For example, aniseed can reducing our oiliness in the skin and improves the memory function. Therefore, Maggi noodles can try to cre ate new product in order to attract more Chinese and also other races. In order to promote Maggi noodles in the rural markets, Maggi can choose to give traditional form of advertising and marketing such as distributing pamphlets or advertising on radio. It helps to educate consumers about a never before used product in a more direct and engaging way. Maggi can also organize â€Å"Home-to-Home† campaigns and Van Campaigns. For instance, preparing Maggi noodles and serves to rural areas consumer in hot and cooked condition. Consumers will direct impacted by the campaign and feel special, so next time around, they will repeat purchase Maggi noodles for consuming. Besides,  Maggi can bring in new machines to produce more in lesser time as well as keeping its manufacturing quality precision at its best. Maggi should also continuously focuses its efforts to better understand the changing lifestyles and anticipates consumer needs in order to provide convenience, taste, nutrition, and wellness through Maggi noodles product. As the government is going to turn rural areas into technology society, Maggi can introduce the Internet and e-commerce to market their Maggi noodles in rural market. 5.0 Conclusion We had chosen Maggi noodles as our product. After doing this assignment, we know that Maggi are manufactured by Nestle Company. The brand of Maggi is positioned as a ‘convenience product’ for children’s mother and a ‘fun product’ for children with tagline ‘Fast to cook Good to eat’. Maggi has launched various products such as noodles, sauces, maggi pichko, soups healthy, maggi soup sanjivini, maggi bhuna masala and maggi magic cubes to extend its brand. The company tried to covers variable costs and some fixed costs in order to remain in the industry and make sure the customer will not move to competitor because Maggi has many substitute products. Maggi noodles introduced to market with a low price in order to increase consumer incentives in the competitive market. The company promoted Maggi noodles by using sales promotion, advertising and public relations. We can see the promoters distribute the Maggi noodles packet (dry sampling) and cooked Maggi (wet sampling) to consumers at the supermarket. Maggi noodles always selling at the convenient places which are the neighborhood places that can gather many consumers. It has been seen that a company need to do many things in order to come out a successful brand. It is not easy to make a brand successful. Before create a brand, company need to recognize the need satisfaction of consumers, target customers and set the mission to meet the need of consumers. Company need to develop marketing mix strategies (4Ps) after developed a product. The company also needs to find out the opportunities to improve their brand and overcome the threat. Marketers have to maintain the sales and earned the consumers loyalty.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Assignment Principle to Accounting

SR 2. Customer returned merchandise sold on account. CB 3. Sold merchandise to customer for cash. GJ 4. Owner withdrew merchandise for personal use. GJ 5. Paid shipping charges on merchandise purchased on account. GJ 6. Purchased office equipment on credit. PJ 7. Credit purchase from supplier. GJ 8. Recorded adjusting entries. SR 9. Returned damage merchandise to supplier which has not paid yet. SJ 10. Sold merchandise to customer on account. Question 2 (Total 22 Marks) Instructions: Given the entry information in Silva Trading, prepare appropriate entries for the month of August 2012: 0. Aug. 1Sold merchandise for cash $300. Dr Cash$300 Cr Sales$300 1. Aug. 2Purchased merchandise from ABC Co. n account for $5,000; terms 2/10, n/30. 2. Aug. 4Sold excess land for $7,000 accepting a 2-year, 12% note. The land was purchased for $7,000 last year. 3. Aug. 6Sold merchandise to D. Stone on account for $930, terms 2/10, n/30. 4. Aug. 8Accepted a sales return of defective merchandise from D. Stone—credit granted was $280. 5. Aug. 11Purchased merchandise from Tanner Hardware on account for $1,800; terms 1/10, n/30. 6. Aug. 12Paid freight of $200 on the shipment from ABC Co. in cash. 7. Aug. 15Received payment in full from D. Stone by cash. 8. Aug. 19Paid ABC Co. n full by cheque. 9. Aug. 20Paid Tanner Hardware in full by cheque. 10. Aug. 27Purchased office supplies for $250 cash. Question 2 Answer: |Date |Account |Debit ($) |Credit ($) | |Aug. 1 |Cash |300 | | | |Sales | |300 | |Aug. |Purchases |5,000 | | | |ABC Co. | |5,000 | |Aug. 4 |Notes receivable |7,000 | | | |Land | |7,000 | |Aug. 6 |D. Stone |930 | | | |Sales | |930 | |Aug. 8 |Sales return |280 | | | |D. Stone | |280 | |Aug. 1 |Purchases |1,800 | | | |Tanner Hardware | |1,800 | |Aug. 12 |Carriage inward |200 | | | |Cash | |200 | |Aug. 5 |Cash |637 | | | |Discount allowed |13 | | | |D. Stone | |650 | |Aug. 19 |ABC Co. |5,000 | | |Bank | |5,000 | |Aug. 20 |Tanner Hardware |1,800 | | | |Bank | |1,782 | | |Discount received | |18 | |Aug. 7 |Office supplies |250 | | | |Cash | |250 | Question 3 (Total 48 Marks) Instructions: Based on your entries done in Question 2, prepare, for the month of August 2012: a) Adjusted trial balance (24 Marks) b) Income statement (12 Marks) c) Balance sheet (12 Marks) Silva Trading Trial Balance as at July 31, 2012 ————————————————————————— Account TitlesDr. Cr. ————————————————————————— Cash500 Bank9,075 Prepaid Insurance2,000 Freehold Lands31,000 Notes Payable26,000 F. Santos, Capital15,000 F. Santos, Drawing2,000 Sales17,125 Purchase6,400 Salaries Expense4,000 Supplies Expense1,500 Insurance Expense1,200 Interest Expense500 Interest Payable 50 Total58,17558,175 Question 3(a) Answer: Silva Trading Trial Balance for the period ended 31st August 2012 Account Titles |Debit ($) |Credit($) | |Cash |987 | | |Bank |2293 | | |Prepaid Insurance |2000 | | |Freehold Lands |24000 | | |Notes Payable | |26000 | | F. Santos, Capital | |15000 | |F. Santos, Drawing |2000 | | |Sales | |18355 | |Purchase |13200 | | |Salaries Expense |4000 | | |Supplies Expense |1500 | | |Insurance Expense 1200 | | |Interest Expense |500 | | |Interest Payable | |50 | |Notes receivable |7000 | | |Sales return |280 | | |Discount allowed |13 | | |Discount received | |18 | |Carriage inwards |200 | | |Office supplies |250 | | | |_____ |_____ | |Total |59423 |59423 | Question 3(b) Answer: Silva Trading Income statement for the period 31st August 2012 Sales | |18355 | |-Sales return | |280 | | | |18075 | |-Discount allowed | |13 | |Net sales | |18062 | | | | |-Cost of sales | | | |Purchases |13200 | | |-Discount received |18 | | | |13182 | | |Carriage inwards |200 | | | | |13382 | |Gross profit | |4680 | | | | | | | | | |Expenses | | | |Salaries Expense |4000 | | |Supplies Expense |1500 | | |Insurance Expense |1200 | | |Interest Expense |500 | | | | |7200 | |Net loss | |(2520) | Silva Trading Balance sheet as at 31st August 2012 |Non-c urrent assets | | | |Freehold Lands | 24000 | |Office supplies | |250 | |Notes receivable | |7000 | | | |31250 | |Current Assets | | | |Cash |987 | | |Bank |2293 | | |Prepaid Insurance |2000 | | | |5280 | | |Current Liabilities | | | |Notes Payable |26000 | | |Interest Payable |50 | | | |26050 | | | | | | |Works capital | |(20770) | | | |10480 | |Owner’s Equity | | | |Early Capital | |15000 | |-Drawing | |2000 | | | |13000 | |-Net loss | |(2520) | | | |10480 |

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diplomacy - Essay Example The evolving elements of world politics can be identified as the accelerators of the transformation to the modern day diplomacy. There exist a direct impact of politics on diplomacy and diplomatic relations between nations. Numerous changes have been realized in the evolution of diplomacy. The old elements of diplomacy did not become extinct; they only evolved and changed with the times. Characteristics of diplomacy The old diplomacy The old diplomatic system can be characterized by the use of bilateral negotiations. This negotiation takes place between two nations or two representatives (Rourke, 263). In the context of this system, the negotiating parties were only presenting the views they had been sent to present. The process usually took long because of the limited power bestowed on the diplomats. Rarely did the heads of states meet face-to-face to negotiate anything. The use of emissaries was an extremely popular characteristic of the old diplomacy. Modern era diplomacy The mode rn diplomacy can be characterized by multilateral negotiations (Rourke, 263). These involve numerous countries negotiating towards a common goal. The rising number of global issues of concern can be attributed to the adoption of this system. The changes have been necessitated by one issue, like global warming, affecting many countries. Bilateral negotiations take place through conferences and meetings of several parties with a common goal. The comparisons Though diplomacy can be said to have evolved, the goal it aims at achieving remains the same. Reaching an agreement or coming up with a solution to a problem remains the core goal of diplomacy. This conclusion does not regard any of the diplomatic systems. However, numerous evolvements have created a change in diplomacy, and hence the transition from the old diplomacy to the modern era diplomacy. Numerous aspects on how diplomacy was conducted have changed to accommodate the modern are diplomatic system. Within the context of tradi tional diplomacy, it was rare to see a diplomatic congregation of more that two nations. This has, however, become the trend in the modern diplomacy (Rourke, 264). Negotiations between two parties have become rare. This can be attributed to the increasing level of global issues. Traditionally, there were few issues affecting more than one nation. While it was rare to see heads of state meeting personally with one another at a negotiation table in the old diplomacy, this happens severally in the modern case. Emissaries represent governments at the initial stage of diplomacy in the modern system. When the negotiations reach advance stages, the heads of states come into the negotiations. The role of heads of states in the old system was to send emissaries. Negotiations were carried out purely by the emissaries. Negotiations by heads of states have been termed as having dangerous repercussions should they fail to reach an agreement. Since it comes as the final solution, failure at this stage becomes catastrophic. In the modern era diplomacy, Presidents have been discouraged from taking part in negotiations. Secrecy of diplomatic proceedings was a top priority in the old diplomacy. The emissaries were required to deliver the message only to the specified person. In the modern era diplomacy, the proceedings go on in public. Reports are published about the proceedings of conferences and made public. The element of secrecy has been dealt away within the

Research the writings of Robert Skidelsky and Paul Krugman and Essay

Research the writings of Robert Skidelsky and Paul Krugman and summarise their explanations and remedies for the recession, drawing comparisons as appropriate, to Keynesian theory about recession - Essay Example By avoiding a fall in aggregate demand, the government avoids excessive and wasteful supply, controls unemployment and shields the public from unprecedented fluxes in prices of consumer goods. The free market masterly of consumer behaviour and its application in determining the performance of the economy is an important element of the private sector. Reaction of the market to unwanted effects can create general glut or recession by avoiding the burden, but the government chips in to rescue the national economy by jump-starting the appropriate response as a public protection outfit. In Keynesian theory, government spending and involvement in the economic equation are therefore incorporated into the classical explanation of how the economy responds to the free market forces of demand and supply (Tucker, 2008, p221). Recession can therefore be avoided by government intervention through fiscal and monetary policies according to the theory. Robert Skidelsky position observed in several pieces of his work demonstrates the common knowledge that private and public sectors are equally important in the economy (Skidelsky, 2010, p1). The author points at the importance of harmonising government intervention with recovery of the private sector towards deficit reduction. It is evident that sustained recovery can only be realized through budget regulation, employment growth and economic growth on government input. Government policies mentioned in Keynesian theory are also revisited by the author in explaining how a well coordinated plan to tackle recession is developed. In Kennedy and Skidelsky (2010, p1) there is a direct link between the need to mobilize government involvement in preventing total spending to sustain recovery from the recent recession. To consolidate recovery from recession, there must be a balance between public and private spending through involvement of the government. In the reduced spending of a recessed economy, the government can induce

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Exploring an art Object Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Exploring an art Object - Essay Example In 1990, the Leaning Tower of Pisa was closed for public as a rigorous restoration plan starting in the following years. It was reopened in 2001 and the scientific committee revealed a recovery in inclination of the tower in August 15, 2013 (Ridet, n.pag.). Due to its unusual tilted architecture, it is a popular tourist attraction and Pisa is one of Europe’s most visited cities as a result. The Tower of Pisa was constructed hundreds of years ago in Romanesque style of architecture. Its construction began in 1173 soon after which it started tilting. Its name comes from an ancient Greek word which literally means marsh land. Since it was a marshy land the soil was unbalanced because of its composition. The soil contained mud, clay, and sand due to which the tower’s foundations began tilting towards the north. After its engineers noticed the defect, they tried to make up for the tilt by making the columns taller in the north (Harris, n.pag.). However, the tower continued t o incline and it started tilting towards the south, the direction where it still tilts till today although efforts by the engineering bodies have reduced the inclination greatly. It reached its greatest tilt in 1990 when it was being feared that the tower might fall over due to gravity. Restoration project started so as to reduce its inclination to maintain the site as a remarkable historical building. Romanesque architecture was an early medieval style of architecture that was popular in Europe during the medieval times. The form of architecture was defined by the presence of arches shaped semi circularly. Although there are various other medieval buildings in Pisa, Italy that depict a Romanesque style, perhaps the Leaning Tower of Pisa is one of the most remarkable ones due to its tilted structure. Just like a typical Romanesque building, the tower has 6 galleries that have been laid one top of the other (Stalley, 202) making a total of 8 storeys. The tower stands at a height of 5 6 meters as a bell tower or campanile. The Tower of Pisa is made up of white marbles that has been inlaid towards the outside with colored marble. It is a part of the Cathedral of Pisa which is located close by. The building techniques that have been used during the construction of the tower include load bearing masonry, cut stone construction, inlaying, and round plan. Load bearing masonry is probably one of the oldest forms of construction which involves the layering of masonries one on top of the other thereby building walls and other structures. Load bearing masonry has given the tower strength although it has been tilting since years. Also, the technique has made aesthetically beautiful walls which give a structurally rich look to the Tower of Pisa. In order to cut stones to make dimension stones for the construction for the tower, the technique of cut stone masonry construction was used by the designers. These dimension stones were the used for the making of its walls. The tow er has various galleries with columns supporting the curved arches in between. Although white marbles were used as the masonry for the construction, the exterior side of the tower was inlaid with colored marble so as to give it a creatively rich appearance. The Leaning Tower of Pisa comes under the category of Romanesque architecture. It is a building that was built as a toure de force

Friday, July 26, 2019

Case NIVEA Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

NIVEA - Case Study Example Nivea is an example of a consumer-led business enterprise; this means its consumers are the ones who ultimately determine all marketing efforts by identifying their perceived wants. The key parts of a marketing mix are product (consumer-led), price (cost), placement (convenience) and promotions (communications to create awareness the product exists). All the parts have to work together to make a marketing strategy very effective. Being consumer-driven, any product must satisfy a consumer want or need; the price must be reasonable and affordable; convenience means the product can be found easily and obtainable in all distribution outlets and finally, communications to make people know a product they are looking for is available. A correct balance of the 4Ps of this marketing mix is necessary to make selling efforts a success; one key element that is lacking or out of whack makes the entire marketing useless. In this connection, the strongest P is the product of Nivea which has acquired a nice reputation over the years as a reliable and safe product for a skin care routine; consumers are not sensitive to the price as they are willing to pay a premium for it; moreover, people are also aware of the product and no need to promote it actively. Its weakest P or link is the placement or distribution channel. Product – Nivea has acquired a good reputation for product safety and quality. This is the companys greatest asset which is its excellent brand name and in this regard, it can exploit it by adopting aggressive pricing to position the re-launched product as a premium item. It may be necessary to re-define this product as good for sensitive young skin (teenagers) and not really for treatment of skin problems like acne or pimples (it is not a medicated skin product that causes adverse reactions like skin allergies, itchiness or redness); it is really intended for

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Application of Information Technology in Health Care Essay

Application of Information Technology in Health Care - Essay Example It is good to embrace technology, but the question of ethics reminds us to evaluate fully its repercussions to general welfare of humankind. New technologies are beneficial if used in the right way. However, sometimes they can be a source of human suffering. Gabrielle Olivera (2005) points out that, the use of Radio Frequency Identification dates back in1940s. VeriChip was used for security purposes and tracking of livestock. Gabrielle Olivera continues to elaborate on the modern uses of chips such as, tagging of medical bottles, packaged foods, rental cars, and drivers licenses. Implantation of chips into human body has sparked debates among human rights activist and other organizations (Tavani, 2009). This is controversy, which remains unresolved to date. This paper seeks to compare the pros and cons regarding the use of chip technology in Medical Record System. The paper attempts to raise legal and ethical awareness of the technology in question. It will use evidence-based argumen ts to compare the pros and cons of Electronic Health System in order to declare my stand on this matter. It will finally provide recommendations and conclusion based on the weight of the cons and pros. Implantation of chips to human is not new in the field of medicine. Installation of pacemakers prolongs the lives of patients. Goran Hermeren, the chairperson on European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies, carried out a research on implantation technology in 2005. In his report, to the European Commission, he highlights that the usage of implantable chips dates back to 1960s. He lists some examples such as cardiovascular pacemakers used in heart failure patients and cochlear implants, which aid in signal transmission to the ear. It is evident from this report that chips have restored human capabilities. However, it is necessary to compare the benefits of electronic implants on one hand and the risks on the other hand. These are pros and cons. Some of the pros of Electron ic Health Records include its usage during an emergency. Glaser and Salzberg (2011), reveals that the electronic health records play an important role during this time. This is because the patients do not have their health records with them and therefore Electronic implants acts as a source of reference. In addition, they are unconscious and there fore cannot give their personal details. In such cases, Electronic Health Records provide patients’ health information. They give useful information such as the patients’ health history there fore save lives. During disasters and natural calamities, they are sources of useful information. It is clear that Electronic Health Records inform of implants achieve highest degree of accuracy. Patients may forget to provide some important facts of their health history. For example, they may have some allergies to certain medicines and failure to give this information brings disaster to their health. On the other hand, opponents of the electronic health records cite their unresolved issues concerning respect for fundamental rights to oppose its adoption in the health sector. To begin with, these chips lack insurance covers. Hammaker (2010) depicts that manufactures of chips do not assume responsibility in case of any danger that may arise from their usage. Some these implants are quite expensive and it is unfair to compel patients to have them in their bodies. The technology violates human dignity. Insertion of implants is violation of human dignity. Security issues are also matters of great concern. Tavani (2009) notes that patients are not ready lose their identity to a third party. Moreover, Health Record implants can cause electrical hazards, which can result into death of patients. This

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

European Colonialism and Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

European Colonialism and Africa - Essay Example The paper tells that the argument to the effect (say, moral purpose and mutual benefit) of European colonialism in Africa is divided into four: infrastructure development, social and economic development, modernization and industrial development, and development of nationalism and political unification. The European colonizers (the French, the British, and the Spaniards) provided ample importance to infrastructure development to exploit the natural resources and the human resources in Africa. To be specific, the development of infrastructure in Africa is deeply indebted to the efforts of the European colonizers. Ambe J. Njoh stated that â€Å"That the foundation of Cameroon’s transportation infrastructure was established by the German colonial administration is indisputable†. On the other side, the development of infrastructure in Africa helped the European colonizers to export raw materials from Africa and to help their motherlands to be rich. From a different angle of view, the development of railroads and roads connected the colonies. The European settlers did provide less importance to the wellbeing of the native Africans because their aim was to create a colonial Africa, not an independent Africa. So, they exploited the human resources available in Africa. For instance, the (French) Congo railroad under France can be considered as one of the examples which can illustrate the exploitation of human resources in Africa. Now, the Congo railroad acts the role of a backbone to the transportation facilities in Congo. In short, infrastructure development in Africa during the colonial era helped the European settlers (the French, the British, and the Spaniards) to be in touch with their motherlands and to exploit the resources in Africa. On the other side, the development of infrastructure during the colonial era proved to be helpful for the African nations in the post-colonial era. The colonization of Africa and social development in Europe are not i nterconnected. Still, one can see that colonization and exploitation of the African continent positively influenced the economic development of Europe because most of the industries during the colonial era depended upon the raw materials from Africa. From a different angle of view, economic development is interconnected with social development. During the colonial era, European colonialism did not help the African nations to gain social and economic development. But the social and development of some nations in Africa during the post-colonial era proves that European colonialism helped some of these nations to be in the forefront of social and economic development. For instance, infrastructure development initiated by the European colonizers was beneficiary for some African nations like Kenya and South Africa.

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Credit cards from the legal perspective (special reference to UAE) Research Paper

Credit cards from the legal perspective (special reference to UAE) - Research Paper Example . Now, UAE has become a developed market for the usage of credit card due to consumer awareness and due to introduction of innovative creditcard products. There is an allegation about the UAE card issuers that they are charging exorbitant service charges from cardholders in UAE. Further, issuing of creditcards to all the migrant workers without verifying their credit status has brought many legal issues. This research essay will look into in general about creditcards with particular emphasis to the legal issues arising out of credit card business in UAE. CREDITCARDS FROM THE LEGAL PERSPECTIVE (SPECIAL REFERENCE TO UAE) Introduction In UAE, the creditcards are regarded as an essential part of life of UAE citizens as it is being regarded in other parts of the world. Creditcards convenient have come to limelight as it is being recognised everywhere today and because of its acceptable and convenient form of payment. The right usage of credit card offers the cardholder a flexible form of credit payment and may enhance the user’s credit standing, and one may even accrue rewards awarded by creditcard issuers. Nowadays, creditcards have become a common medium of payment. Creditcards are easy to carry, and it is safer than carrying cash. ... However, if a customer uses a credit card without any rationale, it could be devastating as quick sand. It is alleged that lenders can exploit gullible credit cardholders with the exorbitant interest rates and other penalties like delay for making payment or adding penal interest for late payment. As of today, about 68% of creditcards are being used as a transactional medium by consumers for their convenience who are likely to repay their balances on a monthly basis without any default. As per recent research study made by VISA , as compared to six years ago, there was about 50% of creditcards generated no interest at all to the issuers and whereas now, it is estimated at 60% of cards are being reported to have generated no interest. The popularity of creditcards can be attributed to the convenience in nature and also the credit facility it offers to card holders. Credit card offers not only convenience but also has substituted checks which is the traditional mode of payment for any purchases earlier. Credit card does not require to maintain adequate cash reserves to meet contemporary expenses. It is estimated that about 23% of consumer transactions are being carried over creditcards. Cardholders are permitted to carry interest-free balances for about sixty days as the cardholder is allowed to enjoy the credit not only throughout the credit cycle but also offers a grace period of 20 days after the lapse of the credit period. If a cardholder pays the balances within the credit period, he can avoid the payment of any interest on his credit purchases through his card. It is to be noted that consumers are chiefly employing credit card as an alternative for checks instead of considering it as a source of

Evaluating Automobile Fuel Essay Example for Free

Evaluating Automobile Fuel Essay The alternatives to liquid fuels are compressed gases and electric power, however, both are viewed as inferior by the automotive industry. The gases are inferior in terms of energy content per unit volume. Electric power may be stored on board a vehicle in a battery or (for a short time) in capacitors. However, batteries are regarded within the automotive industry as substandard compared to liquid fuels in terms of energy stored by unit weight and volume. Furthermore their cost is high, and the manufacture of some battery types involves large quantities of scarce or environmentally-threatening materials including cadmium, lead, lithium, nickel, sodium, sulphur and zinc. According to the already mentioned just-auto report entitled The future of road vehicle fuels – forecasts to 2020 (January 2008), the International Energy Agency’s World Energy Outlook 2007 found that around 230m barrels of oil equivalent are required to meet global demand each day. Of this total, liquids account for the largest share of the 230m barrels (37%) followed by coal (23%) and natural gas (21%), leaving a 19% contribution from nuclear and sustainable sources. Of the liquids, however, transport use accounts for more than half (51%), with the remainder going to industry (32%), residential and commercial (11%) and power generation (6%). The residential and commercial share is mainly accounted for by oil-fired central heating, and the small power generation share by gas turbines running to meet peak loads. It follows that the transport sector share of the world energy market is just over half of 37%, in other words some 19% or just under one-fifth of the total. It should also be borne in mind that the transport sector is itself divided into light-duty vehicles (privately-owned passenger vehicles and light commercial vehicles), heavy-duty vehicles, and other transport applications (aircraft, ships and diesel railway engines). The light-duty and heavy-duty sub-sectors take about 40% each, and the other applications some 20%. The search for improved efficiency in the transport sector must therefore embrace both light-duty and heavy-duty road vehicles.

Monday, July 22, 2019

Hemingways Writing Style Essay Example for Free

Hemingways Writing Style Essay From almost the beginning of his writing career, Hemingways distinctive style occasioned a great deal of comment and controversy. Basically, his style is simple, direct, and unadorned, probably as a result of his early newspaper training. He avoids the adjective whenever possible, but because he is a master at transmitting emotion without the flowery prose of his Victorian novelist predecessors, the effect is far more telling. In Observations on the Style of Ernest Hemingway, from Contexts of Criticism by Harry Levin (Harvard University Press, 1957), the critic says: Hemingway puts his emphasis on nouns because, among other parts of speech, they come closest to things. Stringing them along by means of conjunctions, he approximates the actual flow of experience. Hemingway has often been described as a master of dialog, and most readers agree, upon being first introduced to his writing, that this is the way these characters would really talk. It is interesting to note, however, that Hemingways one attempt at playwriting was a failure. Actually, a close examination of his dialog will reveal that this is rarely the way people really speak. The effect is accomplished, rather, by the calculated emphasis and repetition which makes us remember what has been said. Since the critics cannot entirely agree on Hemingways style, perhaps the best way is to put it into the authors own words. Shortly before his tragic death, Hemingway gave to the Wisdom Foundation in California a collection of his observations on life and art, love and death. They were published in the January 1963, issue of Playboy magazine, and in them Hemingway said of his writing: I do most of my work in my head. I never begin to write until my ideas are in order. Frequently I recite passages of dialogue as it is being written; the ear is a good censor. I never set down a sentence on paper until I have it so expressed that it will be clear to anyone. Yet, I sometimes think that my style is suggestive rather than direct. The reader must often use his imagination or lose the most subtle part of my thoughts. I take great pains with my work, pruning and revising with a tireless hand. I have the welfare of my creations very much at heart. I cut them with infinite care, and burnish them until they become brilliants. What many another writer would be content to leave in massive proportions, I polish into a tiny gem. Hemingway goes on at some length, but the essence of what he says may be in this paragraph: A writers style should be direct and personal, his imagery rich and earthy, and his words simple and vigorous. The greatest writers have the gift of brilliant brevity, are hard workers, diligent scholars and competent stylists. To explain Hemingways style adequately in a few paragraphs is impossible. Scores of articles, and even some books, have been written on the subject, and it is to these that the serious student should go for additional, more detailed information.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

The Labour Party and New Labour

The Labour Party and New Labour The Labour Party is a political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century, it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the left in Britain. Its formation was the result of many years of hard effort by working people, trade unionists and socialists, united by the goal of changing the British Parliament to represent the interests of everybody. The labour Party had been a promoter of social democracy. Social democracy is a form of socialism which aims to reform the capitalist system to reduce social inequality and promote social justice. The core values of the social democracy can be seen in the old Clause IV which supported; equality, redistribution of wealth, social justice, nationalisation, full employment and welfare for all. The dominance of the Conservative Thatcher government with its New Right policies in British politics created a situation which made it increasingly difficult for labour to have any credible influence in the running of the country. The Labour party was seen as a spent force, with its tired policies being viewed as irrelevant and out of touch with the modern world. Something had to change ideologically within the party in order for Labour to have any realistic chance of being re-elected in the near future. When Tony Blair was elected the leader of the Labour party on 21 July 1994, the Conservative party had been in power for 15 years. One of Tony Blair statements about the need for modernisation of the party was very upbeat .Writing in the New Statesman, he stated that the reason we have been out of power for fifteen years is simple -that society changed and we refused to change with it(Marxism Today, 1998;p11) In previous general elections the British electorate had chosen to be governed by the Conservative party. Blairs goal was to make the Labour party electable again with the help of his New Labour rebranding. One of the first tasks Blair took was to re-write Clause IV from the Labour constitution in 1995, to eleminate the commitment to common ownership and in effect to the old style social democracy. These were replaced by commitments to the free market, to the environment, to the ending of discrimination and to equality of opportunity for all. New Labour was first termed as an alternative branding for the Labour Party, dating from a conference slogan first used by the Labour Party in 1994 which was later seen in a draft manifesto published by the party in 1996, called New Labour, New Life For Britain. After becoming leader of the party in 1994, Blair made a decisive break away from Old Labours traditional political stance. In policy terms New Labour often refer to themselves as The Third Way between Old Labour, which they believe to be too radical, and New Right which they consider to have been overly concerned by the principle of laissez-faire and individualism. The Third Way sought to find a middle ground between two rather conflicting ideologies. Traditional Socialism proposed collectivist solutions to most economic and social problems: state ownership of the means of production and major industries, an extensive welfare state, strong trade unions and high levels of personal taxation to finance the redistribution of wealth and income. The New Right, on the other hand, championed free market capitalism, the pursuit of individual self interest, a smaller, reduced role for the state, free labour markets and low levels of personal taxation. Debate and questions have been raised about the political nature of the New Labour and Third Way. The core of them is a question if the Labour party has been changed and modernised indeed, or whether New Labour is in fact Old Labour, which had to use prefix new in order to recall the votes and to return in power? The public discussion of this issue become more intense with labours landslide victory in 1997 .In the late 1980,s party went through a process of policy review. This process provoked reactions from many scholars Some critics argue that new labour is indeed new in the one or the other way (e.g. Heffernan, 2001) other state that it does not represent a break with its younger past but remarks a return to an older paradigm of social democracy (e.g. Shaw,1996) Dealing with specific ideological problem two standpoints can be observed. On the one hand ,some scholar define New labour in many ways as Neo-liberals project which is, in many aspect ,similar to Thatcherism (Hay ,1999 : Heffernan 2001,) Others argue that it does not embrace the absolute social-democracy orthodoxy but still belongs to the family of socialist ideas-even if in a more modern way. Some in this group claim that New Labour managed to find the third way indeed: trying to keep balance between economic success and social i nclusion, between market and society (e.g. Giddens 1998; p7-9). One part of the debate consists of discussion if new labour includes renewed ideology or it if it only presents a new image. Tony Blair implied that new labour ideology, instead of giving importance to state control, class struggle and equality as would be the case with Old Labour-gives much importance to a stable and competitive market, social inclusion and the attainment of economic growth. In Blairs words higher educational standard are the key to international competitive and inclusive society for the future (Blair,1998:p18) New labour strategy is not based on class-distinction .different from old labour which is biased in favour of the working instead ,new labour puts forward an all embracing category that focuses on community .The enemies of new labour are no longer portrayed as belonging to the ruling or middle classes, but are those who are portrayed as harming the community . Such findings relate to class identification. Tony Blair famously declared in 1998 that were all middle class now and has consistently maintained that the class war is over those are the old divisions that we need to get over by, for instance, restructuring education and the labour market . For example ,as Blair argued, education is the best economic policy there is(Driver and Martell,1998:p57) New labour seeks to move from a passive to an active, preventive welfare state. The welfare system should be proactive ,preventing poverty by ensuring that people have the right education, training and support. Tony Blair will commit himself to equality, rejecting Old Labour demands for equality of outcome and defining it as equal opportunities for all in education, employment and as citizens. Opportunity for all was indicated as a goal of New Labour with other similar expressions such as fairness, and social justice as well as other concept of objectives were, sometimes, added with it like equal worth in New Labours language. Then what does actually opportunity for all mean in their context? White (1998) argues that it involves a commitment to real opportunity for basic goods such as employment and education. First of all, as Driver Martell (2000) and Fairclough (2000) indicate, opportunity for all contrasted with, traditional socialists value, equality, in particular, equality of outcome. In other words, it shifted the meaning of social justice from equality of outcome to equality of opportunity. Public spending and taxation is one of the areas where the New labour under Tony Blair is most clearly different from old labour. Policies towards state pensions provide a clear example. Many scholars hold that New labour ideology, strategy and policies are adopted by the Conservative Government. Some key parts of its inheritance from the conservative are identified like attempts to control public spending .privatisation, the growth of means testing and the growth of inequality. New Labour has been very enthusiastic towards the voluntary sector just as the Thatcher government embraced the voluntary sector in the name of liberty and enterprise, New Labour has in the name of community renewal and contributory citizenship. New Labours economic policy is built around the consolidation of a close working relationship between the government and employers, where trade union power hardly features. Although economic policy would not be different from the one that Conservatives introduced, some policies like social welfare aspects would be adjusted in such a way that it would be in favour of society for example, giving extra funding for health and education without significant changes to income taxation. There is a stress on discarding the Conservative reforms that failed, but keeping those that worked .New Labour phrase what counts is what works (Powell, 1999) Tony Blair argued that some things the conservatives got right; we will not change them, where they got things wrong that we will make change (Labour Party, 1997) Blairs conservatism is also reflected in his adoption of the language of the new right: Labours policy documents on welfare and poverty are permeated by the notions of welfare dependency, community, family, obligations,,duties and responsibilities. Rights and entitlements to benefits, and decent schools, healthcare and housing hardly feature at all in this perspective. Under slogan of making work pay, it is intended that the minimum wage, and a partial fusing of the tax and benefit system will ensure that people who move from welfare to work should be financially better. The New Deal Policy of welfare-to-work ,The Working Families Tax Credit scheme are clearly set out within New Labours 1997 Election Manifesto and are seen as a key part of New Labours Third Way policy, which is phrased by the acronym PAP (Pragmatism and Populism). In a series of publications from the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (1998a and 1998b), the Department for Education and Employment (1997), the Department of Social Security (1998) and the Social Exclusion Unit (1998), the institutional structure to progress New Labours urban policy objectives was set out. It was clear from these publications that New Labour saw area-based urban policies as no more than add-ons to mainline policies for housing, health, income support and education. Like Conservatives, Blairs government stressed the interactive nature of urban policy: centrally funded local programmes were set within the wider context of New Labours national programme of social policy reforms in such areas as health, education and the New Deal Welfare for work. In his speech to the 1997 Labour Party conference Blair argued that a decent society is not based on rights. It is based on duty. Our duty to each other. To all should be given opportunity; from all responsibility demanded. There is a pervasive conservatism at the heart of New Labour which forms the basis of Blairs much vaunted vision of a new society. Blair talks of creating a new settlement between the individual and society, wherein the stress on the individual will be accompanied by a new role for social institutions such as family, community and the state. At the forefront of this process is an attack on those on a range of benefits, but this is a wedge to drive a wider agenda of welfare restructuring where we all have the responsibility to provide for our pensions, our healthcare, the education of our children and so on. State provision is to be removed or, at the very least, residualised and stigmatised. This is an agenda to continue with the Tories strategy of privatising what is left of the public sector and cutting the social wage. Although there seems to be a significant continuation of policy in many areas there ate differences as well. The similarities and differences between New Labour and Thatcherism hold varying degrees of importance in these theories. Tony Blair demurred from the Thatcherites in a number of areas, although they were never keen to emphasise them too hard. Unlike her, he wanted a much more cordial relationship with the European Union: unlike her, he wanted a more socially liberal society, and many of his supporters see the introduction of civil partnerships as one of New Labours most enduring changes. Unlike her, he enacted changes to the constitution. Certainly Labours first move was pure free market. The Bank of England gained the freedom to set interest rates and pursue inflation targets. It was bold. Even the Tories had refused to do it, despite pressure from the Adam Smith Institute. The Labour also managed to introduce legislations for Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly and reform House of Lords. Conclusion Although the majority of the policies which have been adopted by New Labour seem to be pushing for a neo-liberal or free market political agenda, it is difficult to collectively identify the party under a single ideological heading, because of the varying political stance it has taken on a range of issues. Furthermore I have explained to what extent New Labours social policies can be considered similar to those pursued by previous Conservative government. In general New labour has a clearly distinctive approach from Old Labour, however some policy adoption can be noted with the Conservatives, particularly in the areas of public expenditure, privatisation, the mixed economy, and welfare-to-work. Bibliography: Atkinson, R. and Moon, G. (1994). Urban Policy in Britain. The City, the State and the Market, Basingstoke and London: Macmillan Blair, T. (1998). The Third Way: New Politics for a New Century London: Fabians Society Blair, T. (1996). New Britain: My Vision of a Young Country. London: Fourth Estate. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, 1998a: Regeneration Programmes the way forward, London: DETR. Department for Education and Employment, 1997: Welfare to Work Employment Zones. Department of Social Security, 1998: New Ambitions for Our Country: A New Contract for Welfare. London: DSS Giddens, A.(1998). The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press Giddens, A. (2000). The third way and its critics. Cambridge: Polity Press Hay, C. and Marsh, D. (2000). Demystifying Globalisation Basingstoke: Macmillan Heffernan, R. (2001). New Labour and Thatcherism: Political Change in Britain. Basingstoke: Macmillan

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Gangs: Power, Conflict, And Trust :: Gang Essays

Gangs have become a harsh reality in today's society. But despite what one might think, gangs illustrate many communication theories. This is done through the power gangs possesses, "gang warfare", and the trust between gang members. Gang power can be seen in many communication theories. There are several types of power that gangs and gang leaders fall under. An example of this would be referent and legitimate power. Referent power can be described as the role model power. We identify with this person and therefore try to be like them. Legitimate power comes from people who we believe should be in power, like children to teacher, law-abiding citizen to the police. Therefore referent and legitimate power go hand in hand, because of the organizational structure within the gang, a gang may "have officers much like that of a cooperation." (Internet Source 1) Generally "adults play leadership roles." (Internet Source 3) Also youngsters who have had severe prison terms are usually found to be the leaders of the gangs, thus being an example of expert power. The reason this is considered an example of expert power is because the individual possesses special knowledge in prison life, etc. By serving a prison term they can come back to the streets, "with more knowledge than ever could have been gained on the streets." (Internet Source 2) Attitudes, meaning how we as people respond to a subject, values, what we perceive is right and wrong, and beliefs play a major role in what brings youngsters into gangs. How does one develop a "gang attitude" to begin with? To answer this we must look at the culture. The values we Americans tend to have, make the alternative life style very appealing, this in conjunction with the glorified gang life style portrayed through the lyrics of the "Gangsta" rap artists all influence the young impressionable mind. This may make the child feel a sense of power, identity, or family, reflecting on the child's attitude. Also one must look at the neighborhood. A child can turn a corner and buy cocaine, see a gang war being played out, etc. It is obvious that the child cannot help but be influenced by this. Gang conflicts boils down to who has power and who wants, and/or deserves it. Most conflict is not within in the gang itself but between two gangs. Conflict can be described as a struggle over ideas or concepts between two parties, or people.

Racism In Huck Finn Essay -- essays research papers fc

Racism in Huck Finn Ever since it was written, Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn has been a novel that many people have found disturbing. Although some argue that the novel is extremely racist, careful reading will prove just the opposite. In recent years especially, there has been an increasing debate over what some will call the racist ideas in the novel. In some cases the novel has even been banned by public school systems and censored by public libraries. The basis for the debate is how Jim, a black slave and one of the main characters, is depicted. However, if one was to look at the underlying themes in the novel, they would realize that it is not racist and could even be considered an anti - slavery novel. The most popular problem people have with this book is the use of the word â€Å"nigger†. It must be remebered that during this time period it was not considered much of an insullt. You can also notice in the book it was not meant offensively by Huck, or taken offensively by Jim. This is what Stephan Shepard had to say about the banning of the book and the use of the word â€Å"nigger†: In addition to removing Mark Twain's novel from the required reading list, the district decided to use a censored version of the novel on its optional list. Admittedly, the censorship is minor the infamous "n-word" is deleted throughout the novel - however, it is not only a dishonest alteration of Twain's craft, it is also an unfair attempt to enforce the tastes of a few upon all students in the district. (Shepard 1) Also a column in The New York Times pointed out, "Huckleberry Finn is in constant trouble with teachers, librarians and parents because of its iterations of â€Å"nigger†, a word that has a preemptive force today that it did not have in Huck Finn's Mississippi Valley of the 1840s" (Ritter 2). Another aspect of the novel that some consider racist is the description of Jim. The first time the reader meets Jim, a very negative description is given. It is said that Jim is illiterate, childlike, not very bright and extremely superstitious. However, it is important not to lose sight of who is giving this description. Although Huck is not exactly a racist ... ... Twain meant no disrespect to black people in his novel Huckleberry Finn. It can even be said that this book was anti - slavery and did more disrespect to whites than blacks. Works Cited Allen, Micheal. Classic Literary Criticisms. New York: Oxford University Press. 1981 Baldanza, Frank. Mark Twain. New York: Barnes and Noble, Inc., 1961. Conn, Peter. Literature in America. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Fishkin, Shelley F., Was Huck Black? (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p.3. Marx, Leo, "Huck at 100," The Nation, Aug. 31, 1985. Nichols, Timothy. Classic Criticism. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1976 Ritter, Frank. â€Å"Polically Correct†. Op - ed page, Tennessean Times. September 18th 1996. Shepherd, Stephen (Oak Leaf Staff Writer) â€Å"Was Mark Twain Racist?†. New York: Oxford university Press. 1983 Smiley, Jane, "Say It Ain't So, Huck," Harper's, January 1996. Twain, Mark. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The Norton Anthology of American Literature_. 2 vols. Ed. Nina Baym, et al. 4th. ed. New York: Norton, 1994. 29-214. Wallace John H, The Case Against Huck Finn

Friday, July 19, 2019

Modernization Vs. Dependency Theory Essay -- Political Science

LDC Advisement: Modernization Theory vs Dependency Theory   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The path to modernization is one never clearly defined. The following report will attempt to analyze and critique our nation’s potential options concerning social and fiscal policy and use this information in an attempt to recommend future policy agenda.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We will be dealing with primarily two theories on national (i.e. LDC) policy - modernization theory and dependency theory. Both have their own sets of costs and benefits as well as they do policy approaches. But before we go further, we must compare the two in attempt to see if either would compromise our government’s mandate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Currently our nation has found itself at a crossroads between the progress the western world has to offer and our own historical values and cultural integrity. We have various entities prodding us toward opposite ends of the spectrum. Our foreign investors wish only for further industrialization and perhaps political stability to further their own aims while certain conservative elements at home fear we our losing our cultural identity. A modernist approach would align itself with that of our foreign investors and MNC’s operating within our country. The theory claims that our society suffers from being traditional in so far as that we sacrifice economic and industrial progress by placing too great a focus on our cultural heritage (which largely includes religious ideals). The theory goes on to state that in order to modernize we must make further efforts to secularize our governmental processes and as have many western-industrialized nations separate church and state to as great a deal as possible#. While such an approach may satisfy foreign monetary interests we run a very real risk of a political backlash due to this cultural-imperialism of the west. If this backlash were to lead to internal instability we may not only scare off potential foreign investments but also compromise our own legitimacy to rule. This may effectively place our state in a worse position than with which we began!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The approach of the dependencistas however would allow for much greater cultural preservation though it is an approach not as much favored by the western powers-that-be. Dependency theory supports the notion that the western world wishes to impose its customs/ideals/etc. upon all - regardless of the cult... ...e recommendation entails as follows: The country needs to set both short and long-term goals for itself, each based on a specific theory of development. In the near future we need to ensure internal political stability while adopting a modernization approach to development. Groups that may present opposition to any resulting cultural changes need to be dealt with in some way - preferably a peaceful way, as we make our country more attractive to western investment. As more revenue/educational-opportunity/technological-exposure/etc. becomes available we should begin reinvesting in the infrastructure of our nation via ISI. The increased capital and knowledge we will have gained as the result of cooperation with the west should allow us to be much more competitive in the international marketplace. Specialization in a high-tech field could help us see further autonomy in the international realm.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Education, goal-setting, and political stability will all be of top priority if our development plans wish to have a chance of succeeding. If we can maintain focus in our policy, we should be able to achieve much greater levels of development with only minimal cultural disintegration.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Online Piracy

March 11, 2012 Twitter, Facebook, Google, Wikipedia and many other sites are some of the most common ways people communicate and use as a leg for viral services. Two laws that are being placed into effect will serve as a hinder to users of the internet and also to many of the websites. If they were to be censored or â€Å"taken away† people would be left dangling wondering what next. I will inform my audience about the laws (SOPA AND PIPA), how it will censor sites, which sites may be affected, what sites did to prevent it, and when were they introduced.Also how censorship may cause some sites to shut down completely. The two laws will cause them to lose their viral services, no longer being able to inform users with information. SOPA (stop online piracy) and PIPA (Protect IP Act) are two acts that are going to be used to censor the internet and sites affiliated with it. SOPA is a United States bill introduced to expand the ability of U. S law enforcement to fight online traff icking in copyrighted property and counterfeit goods as stated on local website Wikipedia.According to Wikipedia PIPA is a proposed law with the stated goal of giving the US government and copyright holders’ additional tools to curb access to â€Å"rogue websites dedicated to infringing or counterfeit goods†. These are both acts that are going to serve as a blockage to the internet. SOPA was first introduced on October 26, 2011 and PIPA introduced May 12, 2011 according to Jamal a local writer. Although they were both introduced recently they are both put on hold due to sites petitioning and finding ways to fight against the two.Sites that would be affected by the two acts were sites like Wikipedia, Google, and many other sites that may provide things like music downloads and other information. To fight against the acts some sites went as far as taking online petitions like having there users go as far signing their email addresses and states to help take a stance. Sit es also put a black bar against their logos to show dedication. When asked in a survey that I took â€Å"do you think that the internet should be censored? † 16 out of 20 students said that it shouldn’t the other 4 were undecided.This one question showed just how much students rely on the internet services because if the internet were to be censored they would have no usage of it. Internet sites will shut down due to them not abiding by the standards of the two acts. Sites that the law feel are using more media that is copyrighted and they don’t have permission will be terminated. Which because of this will of course wipe out a majority of the sites that we use. When asked in a survey â€Å"what social networks and websites do you use? And if they weren’t available what would you do? † I received answers like Google, Wikipedia, twitter, and Facebook.People also said that if they weren’t available for use they wouldn’t have a way to do work and maybe not a way to express themselves. Because this would cut into students work this would then become an academic problem which should make law makers think their decisions over. Throughout my paper I discussed what SOPA and PIPA are, what websites were affected and what they did to put a stop to it, and also just who it would affect. These two acts are not yet put into to effect but should be taken noticed to. If SOPA and PIPA were put into effect they may affect not only you but a whole nation.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Sophocles’ antigone

Oedipus meets all the criteria of a tragic hitman. He is of noble comport with a char get alonger that is consistent passim as a truth-seeker, always in quest of knowledge, and a riddle-solver wanting to be a savior of people in time as every other person, he had his flaws, which reversed his prosperity.His intelligence and stateliness is meet of that of a baron, so his doom fills the readers with grace and fear, which is the essence of a tragedy.Though Oedipus realizes that fate had a evanesce in his doom, he knew he had his own flaws.A woman can buoy alike be a tragic grinder so long as she meets the criteria readiness for a tragic hoagy, and Antigone meets all the criteria. provided I consider Oedipus to be the outmatch tragic hero here, he organism glorious and his fall, dramatic.To go by Aristotles view, Antigone, Oedipus and Creon, all meet the criteria of being tragic heroes in that all of them face ignominious consequences because of certain fundamental flaws common to humanity.(3)Antigone powerfully felt Creon should non interfere in matters relating to religion, andleaving the dead unburied was against the divine law. She defies Creon and does notever repent it yet in the face of death. frankincense her remark, I do not think your edicts strong enough to overrule the common-law(predicate) unalterable laws of God and heaven, you being all a man.Creon on the other hand respects the rules of the state, and though he could name switchd them, if he so chose, remains rhomb that Polynice, her brother, be left to rot. Ismene does not act emotionally. She thinks twice about dying for the dead.Antigones views clashed with that of the others in that she failed to see the impact of her put to death on those around her, for instance Haemon.(4)The Greek view is that a tragic hero should ideally be a king so that his people also arrest his fall. He should be venerable merely imperfect so that the audience may associate themselves with h im.As great as the hero is, they feel his fall should be as great too, a calamity estimable of their hero. But modern-day hero is not necessarily of royal birth. He can rise to glory by alter positively to the society or the ground at large, and unlike the tragic hero, who lots dies or survives only to suffer, may even be victorious, and his flaws are not fatal.To acknowledgment Duane Lowry, a member of the the Statesn governmental Historians Association, an American hero is someone who embodies general values and is the driving force female genitalia an important social, political, or scientific change or transformation that lifts the spirit of America and betters the situation of the country.

Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination Essay

Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination Essay

Women and men use stereotypes to create sense of the planet.† (Feenstra, 6. 1 Prejudice, stereotypes, logical and discrimination, para 1). Prejudice is a negative belief or feeling (attitude) about a particular group of individuals. Prejudices can be passed on from one generation to the next.As a consequence, stereotypes form a simplified logical and incredibly superficial comprehension of their reality phenomena.â€Å"Discrimination is negative behavior toward individuals or groups based on beliefs and such feelings about those groups. A group you are a part of is called your ingroup. Ingroups might include gender, race, or city or state of residence, as well as groups you armed might intentionally join. A group you are not a part of is called your outgroup.

There are just twenty two minor kinds of discrimination.The world was a changing place; many times, we saw and heard prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination at its worst. Unfortunately, we are seeing the same types of prejudices, stereotyping, and discrimination going on today; especially since the â€Å"9-11† attacks and with the â€Å"Occupy or 99%† movement going on today. Social identities depend on the groups to which people belong.Any group a person belongs to is an ingroup, logical and those that they do not belong to are considered an outgroup.It essentially is associated with the belief that a man is much superior to one that is another.And outgroup homogeneity bias blinds us to the differences within the outgroup. † (Feenstra, 6. 1 Social Cognitive origins of prejudice and stereotypes, para 2). â€Å"Immediate social contexts do same shape individual responses to individual outgroup members.

Prejudice doesnt rely with people.They own make it possible for us to process more information and save cognitive energy, so we use categories copiously. â€Å"That might not be a problem if all we did was categorize people, big but it turns out that along with quickly and easily developing categories, we use how them to make later decisions (Tajfel, 1970). † (Feenstra, 2011, 6. 2 Categorization, para.It contributes to discrimination.â€Å"Social discrimination results from the broad generalization of ingroup attributes to the inclusive category, which then become criteria for judging the outgroup. Tolerance, on the other right hand is conceptualized as either a lack of inclusion of both groups in a higher order category or as the proportional representation of the inclusive category in such a way as to also include the other group and designate it as normative.† (Mummendey & Wenzel, 1999, P. 158).

It could be spread by the use of propaganda.d. , P. 10). Stereotyping and racial discrimination can powerfully affect social perceptions and behavior.Since they perform many purposes stereotypes and prejudices how have a good deal of resources.d. , P. 19).Since all of us are part of a social group, we all must have the possibility of having our performance disturbed by stereotype threat.

Competition for funds may additionally fresh produce bias.d. , P. 11). The most important question is, what can we do to improve attitudes, judgments, logical and behaviors in order to reduce prejudice and discrimination? â€Å"The contact hypothesis proposes that contact between many members of groups that hold prejudice against one another may reduce prejudice.Objectives, called superordinate targets, are beneficial in attracting different groups in battle together.Looking at the world today with all of the large bank and corporate bailouts, the steady state of our economy, continued protesting, and the discontent of the majority of the American people; I do believe that we how are inadvertently creating self-fulfilling prophecies in our society. In Self-Fulfilling Prophecies, Michael Biggs states, â€Å"A theory of american society could, in principle, prove self-fulfilling.Marxism predicts that capitalism is fated to end in revolution; if many people believe in the theory , then they could forment revolution (Biggs, 2009). † It seems that now would be a good time good for everyone to learn and practice the Seven Pillars of Mindfulness (Kabat-Zin, 2010).

The customer will understand the cost of the new order till it is placed by them and allow it to be certain.6 Conclusion). References Biggs. M. (2009).In the world there is an immediate link between discrimination and prejudice.uk/~sfos0060/prophecies. pdf Feenstra, J. (2011). Introduction to social psychology.

The moment an negative attitude is shaped over a particular set of individuals.Stereotyping, prejudice, logical and discrimination at the seam between the centuries: evolution, culture, mind, and brain. European new Journal of Social Psychology (30), 299-322. Retrieved from http://www2. psych.Folks must select the time to know about the individual or first group of individuals until they begin making conclusions.Mindful Attitudes. Retrieved from http://mindfulworkshops. com/? tag=non-judging. Mummendey A.

When its possible to spell worn out the idea in easy words, use an extremely straightforward statement.3, No. 2, 158-174. Retrieved from http://dtserv2. compsy.Three other theorists ideas play a important part in the movie.(n. d. ). The psychology of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination: An overview.

In non violence issues resulting In this, and at times crime, aroused.Young kids might or military might not take note of the treatment boys have a propensity to get over many women from their teachers.What might be a history of the individual to an summary of the, likewise.Our society old has been unable to address difficulties that range to issues from problems.

Tuesday, July 16, 2019

Ethical Issues in Social Research Essay

righteouss is a mathematical function of twain affair and is entwined in each adult male face of passing(a) quick, as yet the nitty-gritty of morals or what is honorable differs. good motive is comm l atomic number 53some(prenominal) associated with devotion and Websters unsanded orbit lexicon defines good as conform to the contri excepteards of take up of a given(p) art or group. perspicacious what a feature clubho routine apportions honorable and wrong is what contributes to living successfully in that society. This is the say(prenominal) for interrogationers inquiryers consume to be cognisant of what is considered respectable and unhonorable take up of scientific inquiry. From the date now later on gay universe struggle II until the proterozoic 1990s, thither was a stepwise developing consensus somewhat the primaeval honest article of beliefs that should underlie the search sweat both so farts stand aside as symbolic of this consensus. The Nuremberg cont ratiocination Crimes mental testing pastime domain contendf atomic number 18 II brought to military personnel macrocosms place the slip centre German scientists had use draped benevolentity defeats as subjects in oft p wholeid experiments. In the mid-fifties and 1960s, the Tuskegee syph contemplate knobbed the keep back of cognize effectual interposition for lues venerea from Afri toilette-Ameri erect players who were infected. scourts specimenized these constrained the reassessment of respectable standards and the slow suppuration of a consensus that probable human subjects inf any last(predicate)(prenominal)ible to be saved from existence curb as guinea pigs in scientific redek. on that point atomic number 18 some(prenominal) reasons wherefore it is primal to truss to honorable norms in look for. First, norms elicit the aims of investigate, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as knowledge, faithfulness, and turning a musical mode of error. For example, prohibitions against fabricating, falsifying, or misrepresenting explore entropy bear on the truth and reduce error. Second, since look a good assign involves a broad deal of co military operation and coordination among numerous diametric concourse in dissimilar disciplines and institutions, estimable standards force the value that ar internal to cooperative work, much(prenominal) as conceive, accountability, sh ard respect, and fairness. For example, galore(postnominal) honourable norms in enquiry, such(prenominal) as guidelines for authorship, secure and patenting policies, entropy manduction policies, and confidentiality rules in equal re locating, ar designed to cheer clever place interests while further collaboration. closely(predicate)(predicate) investigators wishing to bid trust for their contributions and do non necessitate to stimulate their ideas stolen or discove r prematurely. Third, some of the estimable norms serve to guarantee that police detectives posterior be held accountable to the customary. For instance, federal official policies on enquiry misconduct, conflicts of interest, the human subjects encourageions, and carnal anguish and use argon requisite in beau monde to rat trus bothrthy that searchers who atomic number 18 caudexed by common nones back tooth be held accountable to the public. Fourth, ethical norms in enquiry as well dish out to get wordy public flowerpot for look into. batch ar much app bent to fund inquiry externalise if they great deal trust the theatrical role and law of look. Fin eachy, galore(postnominal) of the norms of inquiry pull ahead a configuration of different outstanding moral and sociable values, such as companionable responsibility, human rights, and zoology(prenominal) welf atomic number 18, conformation with the law, and wellness and rubber. estimable lapses in query mickle importantly legal injury human and animal subjects, students, and the public. For example, a questioner who fabricates selective knowledge in a clinical exertion whitethorn misuse or flush slaughter patients and a investigate worker who fails to last out by regulations and guidelines relating to radiation syndrome or biologic safeguard may punt his health and sentry go or the health and safety of faculty and students. We elicitt knead our br differently problems until we commiserate how they dress about, persist. cordial intelligence seek offers a way to nominatevas and give the axe the operation of human societal affairs. It provides points of view and adept subprograms that spoil things that would other than making water our aw atomic number 18ness. Often, as it goes, things be non what they take c atomic number 18 affectionate acquirement look into bath clear that clear. companionable seek is practically p ropagation seen as an irreverence to batch, as it is seen as a to-do in their blueprint periodic activities. genial search examines a societys attitudes, assumptions, beliefs, trends, stratifications and rules. neighborly interrogation obtains own(prenominal) breeding about sight, breeding that cleverness non be know by the large number approximate to them. The reading obtained discount hence be depicted to other people such as lawyers and doctors and in the eccentric person of lawyers this development can thence be revealed to their clients hence societal explore workers akin to opine that the inquiry leaveing financial aid all humanity. prevalent topics of accessible look for overwhelm poverty, racism, household issues, sexuality, choose behavior, sex constructs, policing and crook behavior. look can be conducted apply surveys, reports, observation, questionnaires, digest groups, diachronic accounts, person-to-person diaries and en umerate statistics. on that point atomic number 18 two types of explore soft investigate and decimal enquiry. qualitative search is inductive, moment the queryer creates hypotheses andabstractions from cool data. or so data is peaceful via address or pictures and aroundly from people. Researchers are fire in how people prove understanding of their lives and in the seek service itself. decimal research is the desexualize down confrontation and most a lot involves numbers game and bewilder data. denary data is in force(p) but focuses merely on the end core, not the touch on itself, as qualitative research does. vicenary data is extra and is lots the result of surveys or questionnaires. offer up(prenominal) troth is a major(ip)(ip) teaching of research morality and the aforesaid(prenominal) applies to social research.E trulyone alive(p) should do so in conscious and should not be obligate in either(prenominal) way. Participants should o verly be intercommunicate that on that point is no retaliate for active in the research and they leave behind not be penalized if they do not call for to stimulate into. unpaid parcelicipation does however, swot scientific concerns, a major one being generalization. This is said because it is believed that only people with the corresponding ad hominemisedity or aforementioned(prenominal) traits would volunteer to participate in a particular research indeed the results pass on not apply to the existence as a whole. on that point are instances where the researcher leave not reveal they are doing a research because they depart not deprivation the subjects to be moved(p) in hurt of not missing to participate. In these instances the subjects fagt get to chose if they regard to participate, therefrom the researcher has to picture that they do not recreate any detriment to the subjects they are memoriseing. ill-use can be delimitate as both somatogenetic and psychological. at that place are two standards that are utilize in cabaret to serve hold dear the secrecy of research participants. to the highest degree all research guarantees the participants confidentiality they are certain that identifying information testament not be do addressable to anyone who is not outright complicated in the study. The stricter standard is the principle of anonymity which basically means that the participant impart take a breather unknown end-to-end the study even to the researchers themselves. The postulate to nurse the subjects has been in part to violations against subjects by medical checkup researchers, handle the experiments performed on prisoners of war by Nazi researchers in terra firma fight II. genial research should never prostitute the subjects, no consequence if it is voluntary or not. well-disposed researchers should vouch that their research result in no way hinder subjects or endanger their family life, jobs or anyone else they are associated with. favorable researchers wipe out an certificate of indebtedness to protect their subjects, and so they have to entreat the subjects very personal questions about their behavior, income or anything else that may personal throe or injure to the subject. It is because of this that all participants mustiness be informed of the risks knobbed in participating in research projects. well-disposed researchers should overly be wakeful when make-up books or articles about their studies because the subjects often read the books or articles and if they see themselves in a damaging way. The key to research whether it is, voluntary meshing or avoiding harm, is sensibility to the issues being researched and come across with applicants. Even when clear ethical standards and principles exist, there will be times when the choose to do faithful research runs up against the rights of authority participants. No set of standards can possib ly telephone every ethical circumstance. Furthermore, there call for to be a procedure that assures that researchers will consider all relevant ethical issues in formulating research plans.